Biodiversity and Wild Life

Proper utilization and management of nature and its resources is termed as conservation. International Union for conservation of Natural and Natural Resources (IUCN) define conservation as rational use of environment to provide a high quality of living for the mankind. Conservation is essential for life support system like air, water, land, flora & fauna, biodiversity and ecosystems. Natural resources are conserved due to economic as their natural beauty and importance to local culture.Preserving biodiversity is essential for ecosystems to respond flexibly to damage or change. An International treaty, the convention on International Trade in endangered species of wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) went into effect in 1975 and out lawned trade of endangered animals and animal parts. In USA, the Endangered Species Act (ESA) was enacted in 1973. The conservation of wild life includes natural habitats, make them to reproduce and give rise to fertile offspring without human interference.Wild li fe Protection Act 1972 declares endangered (threatened) animals are now declared as protected animals. The Indian Board of Wild life (IBW) works in collaboration with World Wildlife Fund (WWF) to conserve wild life with the assistance of Govt. This includes implementation of Wild life Act, species preservations, predator control, Tiger reserve and Habitat preservation. In India there are 400 wild life sanctuaries and more than 70 National Park for protection and preservation of wild life.Forest conservation can be done by preventing fires, eradicates pest, resistant varieties of plants, reduces deforestation, increase afforestation, regeneration, conservation of soil depends upon the maintenance of vegetal cover, terracing and landscape and check soil erosion. The measures like proper drainage, storage, use, flood control can be taken for conservation of water. Energy conservation require the use of renewable energy resource and alternative energy resource and in household energy ca n be conserved by turning down thermostats, switching off unnecessary lights, insulating homes and using less hot water.The sustainable development as ‘development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs' the United Nations Environment Programme says â€Å"The intensified and unsustainable demand for land, water marine and coastal resources resulting from the expansion of agriculture and uncontrolled urbanization lead to increased degradation of natural ecosystems and erode the life supporting systems that uphold human civilization.Caring for natural resources and promoting their sustainable use is an essential response of world community to ensure its own survival and well being†. Think and do the eco friendly exercises in life. Related Articles Essay On The Indo-Us Nuclear Deal

Go Sound the Trumpet Synopsis

Rodney Carey African American History Dr. Reginald Ellis Go Sound the Trumpet: Synopsis In the book Go Sound the Trumpet by Canter Brown Jr. , he talks about the documentation of different African Communities in Florida and the communities of the freed slaves. He tells us what happened to slaves after they were freed and where they went. Some of these communities he described as unidentified and he talked about one in particular that escaped identification. Information about the community known as Angola had come up and suggested they were in The Bahamas.A few months after this information came up; John M. Goggin released additional information and offered new insight on the community. The Bahamian Department of Archives published additional documentary evidence in 1980 regarding Seminole Settlements at Red Bays, Andros. It took another decade before the link between the Bahamian exiles and the old Florida homes of the slaves was established. Another author offered details where neig hboring Cuban fishermen identified a community with the name Angola, which had existed as a focus for diplomatic and economic activities within the broader Atlantic world.He argued that its presence additionally had created impacts that influenced the course of United States history and, to a lesser extent, the British and Spanish Empires. Some basic facts of the story are shortly after English planters, primarily from Barbados, found what is now known as South Carolina in 1670; Spanish colonial officials decided to weaken, if not destroy, the Carolinian initiative. They did this by attempting to undermine an economy that based itself on slave labor while also commanding efforts to grant greater protection for St.Augustine against English incursions. Authorities addressed the latter goal in part by construction of the massive stone fortress still known as the Castillo de San Marcos and, in 1683; they initiated a black military service tradition through authorization of the colonyâ⠂¬â„¢s first free black and mulatto militia companies. In 1683 the government granted freedom to runaway slaves from Carolina, regardless of race, as long as the runaways agreed to convert to Roman Catholicism.This was a crucial step toward the goal of undermining Carolinian slavery. The book also talks about another initiative that involved the authorization of a free black town located north of St. Augustine; this was caused by the founding of Georgia in the early 1730’s. The Patriot War of 1812-1814 involved Georgians teaming with several individuals who had arrived in East Florida from the United States since the Revolutionary War in their attempt to overthrow Spanish rule in the colony; they were unsuccessful.In September 1812, Seminoles and their black vassals, allied with Spain to turn back a Patriot advance. After this, English plans moved toward the introduction of chattel slavery into the colony. This resulted in the dispersal of the majority of its few remaining fr ee black inhabitants to small settlements in the remote peninsula, with many maroons associating with Seminole Indians, who were also recent arrivals from Georgia. In 1784, Spain returned to power which brought reinstatement of the asylum policy, and a rise in Florida’s maroon population.Fort Mose however, remained an abandoned ruin, and for the time being, no equivalent community rose within the colony. After the Patriot War, black refugees hurried themselves into the Manatee River because the site of their black settlement there was located on a point of land at the Braden-Manatee River. At the Manatee, the refugees took advantage of opportunities for trading deer skins, plumes, and agricultural crops for desired goods. There were also relatively easy channels of communication to Spanish officials at Havana and elsewhere at this spot.Records left by two of the Cuban fishermen preserved the name of the black community, Angola. Although these blacks got to the Manatee River i n 1812, the book suggests that they may have lived there for years before this; at least on a seasonal basis. There was a letter found from an English merchant that supports the possibility that the maroons had centered their activities in the area of the Manatee River as early as 1772. It described the keys to the south of Tampa Bay as the â€Å"haunt of the picaroons of all nations. As Angola inhabitants built their community, word of their existence spread not just within the Spanish Empire but also to the British. Two officers, Edward Nicolls and George Woodbine, recruited men there for British operations along the Gulf coast during the War of 1812. Following the Battle of New Orleans in January of 1815, Nicolls and Woodbine managed to enlist about 400 black warriors in Florida and returned most of their men to the Apalachicola River area. Upstream at Prospect Bluff, they had facilitated construction of a fortified outpost, known as the Negro Fort.The two officers had also crea ted Florida’s second free-black refuge of the period while likely enhanced Angola’s population. Surviving papers of the merchant concern John Forbes & Company hinted at Woodbine’s possible return to that vicinity in 1815 with eighty â€Å"slaves. † There was a raid in 1821 that destroyed the Angola community. Brown talks about records available today that contain subtle references that suggest that the memories of the 1821 raid remained vivid in survivors’ minds just as the recollections of the Battle of the Suwannee did.There was an interview by Jan Carew; with one of the descendants on Andros in 1972 about memories of the battle where she said â€Å"I heard ‘bout the battle of Swannee against General Jackson, my grandmother tell me ‘bout it and her grandmother tell her ‘bout it long before,†. She continued to say â€Å"Stories like that does come down to us with voices in the wind, she tell me how the Old Ones used to ta lk ‘bout the look on them white soldiers faces when they see Black fighters looking like they grow outta the swamp grass and the hammocks, coming at them with gun and cutlass.Jackson get hurt at the Swannee man. The ancestors brutalized him there. † She concluded by saying that â€Å"My old face beat against eighty-odd years. . . . But when Jesus of Nazareth decide to send Mantop to carry me to the Great Beyond, wherever my blood-seed scatter, they will spread the word ‘bout how Black and Seminole ancestors fight side by side at Swannee. † In 1835 there was a battle between the maroon and their allies known as the Creeks; and the Angolans.The well-equipped Angolans made their stand and this lead up to the Second Seminole War’s outbreak spreading from the Peace River’s headwaters west to Tampa Bay and north to the border of a white settlement. The Creeks were led by Peter McQueen’s nephew Osceol, while Minatti’s war chief Harry car ried on the military heritage for generations earlier by Francisco Menendez and others. When battle started in December, it quickly became apparent that it was far more than an Indian war because of the amount of blacks participating. As General Thomas S.Jesup declared in 1836, â€Å"This . . . is a negro war, not an Indian war. † The general added, â€Å"Throughout my operations I found the negroes the most active and determined warriors, and during the conferences with the Indian chiefs I ascertained that they exercised an almost controlling influence over them. † When Andrew Jackson left the presidency in March 1837, the maroons remained in Florida and at war. At one point historians questioned how the Seminoles obtained enough weapons and supplies to launch a resistance campaign in the mid-1830s.It was actually the free blacks and Red Stick Creeks; not the Seminoles, who utilized connections of past days to obtain the necessary equipment for war. There was also a q uestion of how they could do so when their peninsular reservation kept them from the coast? The answer to this question is answered by the fact that many of the same Cuban fishermen who had lived near the Angolans worked at Charlotte Harbor in the early 1830s.In 1835, these old business associates of the Angolans even managed to have the area’s United States customs inspector suspended, leaving the door wide open for whatever transfers were needed. As Second Seminole War expert John K. Mahon noted, â€Å"Every warrior seemed to have a rifle, and a superior one at that. † Brown also noted that future researchers may well discover the origins of those firearms in British or Spanish armories, dispatched to Florida by high-ranking officials in recognition of past valor, imperial promises, and pressures applied by Edward Nicolls, George Woodbine, or their friends.

When the status quo will amend Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

When the status quo will amend - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the article of Cox and McCubbins develops an interest group model in which the lawmaker delegates his voting decision of his party leader. By that, the party leader has a plan for setting power. The model has six assumptions: members of assembly seek reelection to the House, the status of a member’s party affects his chance of reelection, a party’s standing depends on its lawmaking achievement, team engagement between legislators overcomes harmonization troubles, lawmaking members delegate to the central power and that the major explanation they do that is to delegate to his agenda acquiring power. The party’s head is the one who brings the agenda acquiring power. Therefore, in that respect is a bias to the majority party. The readings from the book Pivotal Politics attempt to understand in what cases gridlock happens. Gridlocks are when there will be no policy alteration from the status quo. The script sets off by explaining a few dissimilar hypotheses. It explains that gridlock is can be narrowed down if the majority party discusses bills with the minority party and it is even more uncommon if both the legislative and majority party are from the same party. Keith Krehbiel comes up with one directed model which depicts the ideology of the members of the house of Congress. It includes the median voter, the filibuster threshold, the president’s ideology and the veto threshold to override the president.

Legal Briefing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Legal Briefing - Essay Example The Court decided that Neve was not an employee of the newspaper and that she was an independent contractor. Consequently, the decision of the Commissioner of Economic Security was reversed. The gist of the matter is that being termed an employee or not is determined by the extent of control which the person getting the job done has over the person doing that job. In this case the Commissioner of Economic Security decided that the control exercised by the Austin Daily Herald was sufficient to make Neve an employee. However, the Appellate Court decided that the control exercised was insufficient and hence reversed this decision. All the same one of the judges dissented with a part of this ruling as he disagreed with that aspect of the judgment which, dealt with the de novo renewal of application of law because in these type of cases the master servant relationship is the main criterion which was drawn out from the inferences for the reason that there were no contested facts. This view is also clearly expressed in the case Darvell V. Paul A. Laurence Co (1953) and Santiago V. Phoenix Newspapers, Inc (1990).

Wage Earnings in Australia, Canada and the United States Research Paper

Wage Earnings in Australia, Canada and the United States - Research Paper Example The game of the numbers is to be adjusted in such a way that there must not be any ambiguity in the statistical manipulation and representation. The main objectives of the particular vary study to get insights in employment records as well as the comparison in the earning rates of USA, Canada and Australia. It was the topical history of America and the broadening of the monetary gap between those at the uppermost and bottommost level of the pay rate. In one of the study, Jack Rasmus (2004) writes that what is the instance of the phenomenon that anybody of us loves to make 200,000 USD per year after completion of 25 successful years on the job. There is a lot of difference in the value of money that is being generated by the workers on the job compared to last 25 years. They are making a very different value right now. If you would like to have the same value and same benefits, then it would be far impossible like you have to get the same advantages as the CEOs get at their jobs. This is the difference of time and value maximization. Things were thought to be regularized rather than alike today those are being worse with the passage of time. It is not only for the American lower wage earning employees who have to get enough economic substances to fulfill the routine matters; it is needed to generate monetary opportunists to find financial aid for the poorer people. Without holding to the economic environment, the lifestyle they deserve for is in the agenda of policy makers along with reviewing statistical monetary indexing and calculation of wages. If review of historical data may be made, we may get a clearer insight about the earning differences, the CEOs in United States got twenty four times more than an ordinary worker in 1965. This was not an end, the proportion raised to thirty five times in 1978, then it went up to a huge figure of seventy one times in 1989. After the debt crisis in USA in 2000, the recovery brought a greatest differential figure, that s howed that CEOs were earning three hundred times more than ordinary workers even who were working at their firms- A noticeable historical moment. After some time, the time turned in to a little change with top management remuneration rate with the economic bubble (worldwide) in 2008. History observed a decline in pay rate of CEOs or top managers at a slighter pace. But it did not mean to be a substantial increase in the pay outs of general workers. The hourly wage rate was suggested to be increased to increase the motivation level of the employees. It could cause in an extravagant state that vivid the opportunity for monetary and financial reforms within the organization. The economic bubble caused an extra ordinary unemployment and the wage rates were not said to be increased in near future. The remuneration declining rate for CEOs was six per cent approximately. The exact figure turned to 10.4 million USD from 11.07 million USD. Here we define the workers, the average work force i nclude all the employees who work in an organization below top management (middle management, first line management and non-managerial employees i.e., clerical workers). The wage earning discrepancy between CEO and the general working employees was observed more in last decade. However the gender discrepancy was insignificant to be observed because females are emerging as top management seats in prestigious organizations. In Canada, the situation was considerably worse; the wage

Political Science 101 - Citation linking assignment Essay

Political Science 101 - Citation linking assignment - Essay Example The paper examines the relevance of South African interim constitution. It has related Common Law to the interim constitution. The rights asserted on the interim constitution have been critiqued against the intrinsic approach of common law. The interim constitution has risks in terms of its implications on common people. The paper tries to analyze South African interim constitution in the light of the freedom and security that the common law provided for the people. The political scenario in South Africa has been examined by the author in the light of post implementation of interim constitution. The plans to merge the provisions of Common Law into interim constitution have been analyzed in the paper. The constitutionlisation and politicization of issues which could be the implications of South African interim constitution has been is associated with Common Laws. The paper cross examines the proposals for South African interim constitution. The implications on common law have been discussed. The rights to access, accretion, and avulsion as per the nature of common law have been found to be lacking in the interim constitution. The impact of the judgments on the balance of federal and state judicial systems and its impact on the common-law process have been discussed. This paper relates Common Laws to the constitution. The paper describes common law as to be decentralized. The paper examines the history of the evolution of English Common Law; it analyzes how Roman law of Justinian and the ecclesiastical canon law have influenced the former. The paper reexamines Common Law in a historical perspective. The crucial influences that constituted Common Law have been detailed in the paper. This article traces the evolution of the executive and illustrates the historical relationship between the perceived interests of the ruling political elites and the evolution of executive power. The scope and powers of the executive

Investigate shear transfer in bolted members Essay

Investigate shear transfer in bolted members - Essay Example Similarly, â€Å"the stresses at the yield point of the thread, based on the area at bottom of thread, when nuts were screwed on without tightening down by spanner against the bolts tightened by spanner, had reduction of 20 percent†. It is important to understand that the failure of bolt is the characteristics of the minimum residual stresses of the bolt material. During an exercise, consistent stresses were derived for ordinary black, and turned and fitted bolts upon their respective failure. As per Peter (1950) experimentation, â€Å"the yield point of thread, however in the case of the black bolts was approximately 30 percent, which is lower than yield point obtained for turned and fitted bolts†. It is important to specify that in all the failures the damage initiated from the root of the thread, however there were instances when the threads stripped. It has been experimental proven by Peter (1950) that the â€Å"strength of a bolt in direct tension is greatly affected by the amount of initial tension induced when the nuts were made spanner tight; this is a factor which is uncontrollable from design perspective. The strength is dependent upon resistance of the threads against stripping†. It is practically concluded that, â€Å"most of the stress on the threads will be shear as the tendency in screwing up will be to force the threads off the bolt or nut in a direction parallel to the axis i.e. circumferential due to the friction between the adjacent threads†. Peter (1950) has noted that â€Å"when considering the allowable unit stress which may safely be adopted the probability that some of the stock bolts may be wrought iron, instead of mild steel† must not be ignored. The bolts which assist in the hanging of the runways are exposed to direct tension. It is therefore recommended that conservative approach shall be adopted, with specific reference to the determination of the safe loads for these bolts. We shall

International bank managment essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International bank managment - Essay Example They include market crashes and decreased GDP of any country. For the past a hundred years, there have been several economic crises in the world. Financial crises compose such economic crises. In fact, it looks like each decade has its own set of financial crises, which usually originate in one country and spread to the rest of the world. The 1930’s saw the Great Depression; the 1980’s saw the savings and loans crisis in the US and also the loan default crisis. The 1990’s saw the Asian currency crisis among a plethora of other financial hitches. The first decade of the twenty first century has not been spared either. The 2007/2009 financial crisis is considered in some quarters to be the largest since the Great Depression. This essay is going to compare the financial crises of the 1980’s with those of the 1990’s. The similarities and differences between the two periods will be given and explanations for the same sought. The essay will conclude with the writer’s opinion on what the financial world should expect in the first decade of the 21st century as far as financial crises are concerned. There were several financial crises in the 1980’s around the world. But perhaps the major ones were the debt crisis and the American savings and loans crisis (Carrasco 2008). The latter is referred by many as the 1980’s savings and loans scandal, a befitting term considering the factors that were surrounding it. According to Carrasco (2008), this crisis had its origins in the 1970’s. It is the accumulative effects of what transpired in the 1970’s that brought about the crisis of the 1980’s. There was what Wharton and Allen (2009) refers to as â€Å"petrodollar recycling† in the 1970’s. In the 1970’s, there was a considerable rise in the price of oil on the world market. This saw the oil exporting countries of the world, especially those from the Middle East, making considerable profits

State house statue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

State house statue - Essay Example This is evidenced by not only the exposed chest, but also possession of a sword. In most occasions, the exposure of a man’s chest signifies an individual’s strength and boldness. On the other hand, possession of a sword is an indication of military participation of an individual. Thus, Washington played a significant role towards the close of the revolution. Although the congress was entitled to commemorate the first president of America, the statue was not designed in the right way. For instance, the sitting of Washington on a golden like seat portrays a bad picture to religious practices. To some extent, it is an indication of how Americans adore idols. Additionally, a half naked statue portrays a bad picture to the society; according to most societies, it is unethical for any person to expose private body parts. On the other hand, Washington’s possession of a sword is a sign of how he valued wars. From his offering of the sword, it is evident that Washington contributed towards the loss of many lives during his tenure as the president of America. From this, it is evident that the design of the statue does not honor Washington correctly. However, Washington deserves honor for not only being the first president of America, but also because of his contributions towards the success of the American

Mystery Shopping research for starbucks, costa coffee and cafe nero Essay

Mystery Shopping research for starbucks, costa coffee and cafe nero - Essay Example The purpose of the primary observation in the mystery shopping is to do a random surprise check on the three companies in order to collect data without manipulating the findings. The information is to provide room for comparison of the performance of the three companies by addressing the achievements and failures. The findings here expose the areas that require improvement to promote the satisfaction among customers. Mystery shopping provides data whose measurements are in percentage form. The validity of data is measured by percentages. For data to be considered as valid, it has to range between 0 and 100 %. The second aspect of validity is the measures of extreme information. For example, it may be invalid to obtain 100 percent score for all the variables or 0 percent for all. Similarly, it may not be valid to obtain a similar measure for all the three companies, say 77% for all the data being measures. The research technique used in this exercise is quantitative, descriptive and systematic. First, it is quantitative since it uses measurable data to do the analysis. Secondly, it is descriptive since it uses the results of the analysis to provide the descriptive statistics and their relevance to analyzing the three companies. Thirdly, it is a systematic method since it involves the use of specific and well-organized set of information for the three

How Have Other Peoples Readings Of Translations Helped You Essay Example for Free

How Have Other Peoples Readings Of Translations Helped You Essay How Have Other Peoples Readings Of Translations Helped You To Understand The Contexts Of The Play In Scene 1? The first act of Friels play Translations features many different contexts ranging from the infamous potato famine to hinting at the possible forming of the present day IRA (the Donnelly twins,) and politics. One of the major contexts that also coincide with the title of the play is translation. The translation of Irish name into English name. I only realised this by reading a Canadian writers essay on language and its importance in Translations. Especially in relation to Owen and his take on the Irish language. Where as many Irish people, at the time, saw the English to be taking away Irelands identity by colonizing it and changing names, language etc. Owen seems to be naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve and miss this. By changing place names they are not only taking away identity but also something more intimate, a part of their lifestyle. Hence when the English mistake Owens name to be Roland it seems to be Manus who is more frustrated by this whereas Owen says Owen Roland- what the hell. Its only a name. Its the same me, isnt it. The importance (or un-importance, depending how you want to perceive it) of names is brought up firstly at the start of the play when Manus is teaching Sarah to speak. It is important to note that the first thing Manus teaches her to say is her name, also her identity. Owens ignorance for the colonisation is shown again when he says, my job is to translate the quaint, archaic tongue you people persist in speaking into the Kings good English. One quote from the particular essay by the Canadian writer says The Gaelic tongue is becoming obsolete in the wake of colonisation, Owen has boarded the ship of progress disassociating himself from his foundation. Similar, in a sense, is Maires view on the English language and that it should be learnt. Maires view links in with another context shown in the play and that is the focus on dead languages, such as Greek and Latin and soon to be dead, Gaelic. By researching Irish history at the time the play is set, it is easier to gather an understanding for the wanting of Maire to learn English. Dr Leon Litvacks paper on the historical and colonial context of Friels Translations illustrates this. Maires reference to Daniel OConnel, the disillusioned veteran who founded the catholic association, OConnel preached that it was necessary to learn English in order to allow Ireland to progress in a quickly modernising western world. Hence Maire wanting to learn English rather than a dead language such as Greek or Latin as this will be necessary if she is going to immigrate to the United States. One interpretation of the play is the focus on schools. Being set in an illegally run hedge school, a place where Catholics turned to for education after the penal laws were instated. The time the play is set is during a major transition period when the English are trying to get rid of hedge schools and introduce new national schools. It has been shown by statistics that half a million Irish children received illegal tuition through hedge school. This links in with the whole idea of translations, as at the new national schools, where you were forced to go to by law, the language you would be taught in would be English, no longer Gaelic. To some people This was a problem but to others like Maire, English was seen as the language of opportunity. The old language was a barrier to modern progress she quotes from the famous Daniel OConnel. There is an increasing amount of tension being built up in the first act with regards to the devastating potato famine. There is a sense of dramatic irony being shown as well. Seeing as the play is set in the 1830s this is only a short time before the potato blight occurred in 1845.this disaster caused the population of Ireland to drop from eight million down to six million. It is believed that one million people died of starvation while another million were forced to immigrate to start new lives in Canada and America etc. It is obvious to the audience that the famine will occur but the characters in the play are blind to this even though the clues are all there. This is why the audience tend to sympathise for their negligence. Even when Jimmy Jack suggests to Doalty he should plant something other than potatoes, which is the correct thing to do, he just comically shrugs off the remark, Too lazy be Jesus to wash himself and hes lecturing me on agriculture! Bridget also brings up the subject of the blight and its distinctive, ominous sweet smell, only to be aggressively dismissed by Maire. Sweet smell! Sweet smell! Every year at this time somebody comes back with stories of the sweet smell. Sweet God, Did the potatoes ever fail in Baile Beag? Well, did they ever-ever? Never! This is where the audience really begin to sympathise, as they know of the catastrophic effects that will soon occur. Although Friel has not written the play from a biased or political point of view it is still possible to find the idea of the modern day IRA being formed in this play. This becomes more noticeable as the play progresses. Although it is still possible to get an idea of this from Doaltys seemingly harmless antics with the British soldiers and his constant dodging of questions involving the Donnelly twins. Manus arent they at home? Doalty No. Manus Where are they then? Doalty How would I know? Even the stage directions in this particular section lead us to believe something suspicious is going on, Doalty begins whistling through his teeth. Suddenly the atmosphere is silent and alert. To be able to understand that this may be about the IRA, background reading about the times the play is set and when the play was written (the 1970s, a time of great trouble and political unrest in Northern Ireland.) is necessary. The 1970s were a time when tension between Northern Ireland and England was at a peak. This also was around the time of the infamous Bloody Sunday. So it is possible that Friel may have tried to incur some of this in to the play. Although Seamus Deane says Translations is a sequence of events in history which are transformed by his writing into a parable of events in the present day. The play has also been described as an enlightening metaphor for the situation in Northern Ireland. The many contexts featured in the play are extremely important as they add a framework or shell to the play allowing it to go in many directions. Although it features so many different contexts Friel is quoted to say that Translations is to do with language and only language. Therefore not historical contexts. To become more familiar with the play and its many contexts background reading and the reading of other peoples interpretations are essential. By reading theses criticisms I have become more aware at how Friel has made the play so effective by setting it in the specific era. By doing this it makes it easier for the audience to see how the recent condition of Ireland spiralled way out of control originating in the mid 1800s. It also gives greater depth to the tragedy that will eventually befall and that the audience know the tragedy is coming but not on so many levels. Overall it is essential to at least to some form of background reading in order to understand the play to a higher level.

A Political Economic Social Technology Analysis Of Malaysia Tourism Essay

A Political Economic Social Technology Analysis Of Malaysia Tourism Essay 0.0 Introduction Nowadays international business is a vital aim for every firm despite small firm or large firm and they are moving toward to international business for the sake of foreseeable future of their business. Besides, international business is known to be business dealings crossing national borders at any stage of the transaction which included trading such as import and export activities that carry out by the small and large firm from domestic to international market across the world (King, 2008; Aneff, 2010). Moreover, at present, international business can be acknowledged as global business whereby the firms have to adapt their businesses to the outside world in different markets that the firms seek and approach to and deal with many different cultures that concern in every country (Nakate, 2010; King, 2008). With the changing liberalization strategy in the whole world, a lot of firms are gaining benefits from international trade and investments. On top of that, an agreement of GATT (Gen eral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) was introduced to get control over the rate charges of the tariff and trade barriers (Geneva, 1986). In contrast, after the formation of GATT, in year 1995 followed by the formation of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Besides, there are 2 important forces that drive a business to international business which are the technological development and the disappearance of a substantial part of the communist world (Lausanne, n.d.). Shangri-la Asia Limited is a company with the principle activity of investment holding which focusing on the business and operation of hotels as one with associated real estate properties with providing hotel management or related services (Bloomberg, 2009; Shangri-La Asia Limited, 2009). The company mainly focuses in operating hotels and leasing spaces for commercial and residential. Shangri-la was incorporated in Bermuda and its main headquarters is located in Quarry Bay, Hong Kong. Furthermore, Shangri-la Asia Limited was founded in year 1971 and until now, Shangri-la has been in operating in the industry for 39 years and operates its hotels in the company of Shangri-La, Rasa, Trader, Summer Palace, and Shang Palace. Moreover, the group managed 65 hotels at the end of 2009 with 47 hotels invested as the equity which managed by its subsidiaries. Besides, as of year 2009, Shangri-La hotel employs approximately 260,000 employees in the Asia countries (Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts, 2 010). 1.0 Macro Environment 1.1 Political Environment In China, the government attaches great importance to the tertiary industry in their country and there was positive government policies advance tourism in order to build tertiary industry to be one of their pillar industries (Lew, Yu, Ap, Zhang, 2003). Besides, the hotel and tourism industry in China had rapidity raise after the entry of World Trade Organization (WTO) to the domestic market in China. As according to the announcement from China National Tourism Administration (CNTA), with the entry of WTO in China, it brings the foreign international hotel industry to invest and set up hotel in China and the government of China approved the application of setting up wholly foreign-owned travel agencies in China thus, demand for hotel industry boosted up (Xinhua, 2004). Moreover, base on the Chinese governments policy of long term goal, the inbound tourist arrivals to China will achieve 210 million by the year of 2020 in which this would benefit the hotel and tourism industry in China to gain more profit on the tourist visit. For instance, base on the information published by the Shanghai Tourism Commission (STC) in China, the entry of foreign travel companies would help to stimulate and rise of the business of the local tourism industry in the case of SARS that happened seriously in China in 2003 (China Daily, 2004). On the other hand, the political issue would be on political tension between Taiwan and Mainland China and these threats would be considered as the unforeseen event that the hotel developer and investor will take into account (Guo, et.al., 2004). 1.2 Economical Environment In 1992, China expanded its economic reform along with the open door policy, consequently bring benefits to the business activities and international tourist arrivals to China continued to increase and thus hotel investment is stimulated. In contrary, China government also ensured that overseas hotel do not dominate the market in which the action taken is to prevent the rise of competitiveness between local companies and foreign companies in the benefit of their professionalism, experience and resource advantages. Thus, to avoid economic leakage, Chinese government had implemented the policy of encouraging Chinese Hotels to establish in the country itself and also in foreign countries for Chinese to use with the association between Chinese Airlines and Hotels industry in order to retain the money from outflow to other countries (Zhang, Pine and Lam, 2005). Moreover, Chinas sound economic growth stimulates the Hotel and tourism industry. As mentioned above about the openness to outsid e world had helped economy grow rapidly. The GDP of China in 2009 was RMB 33, 535.3 billion where RMB 14, 291.8 billion contributed by the tertiary industries with the growth rate of 8.9 compares with the previous year (Chinability, 2009). An impressive economy growth will generate enhancement in infrastructure for hotel development, however, the sustainability of the economic boom are concern in the problem of bad-loan that commonly faced by state-owned banks. To overcome this problem, government needs to counter a soft landing for the rapid growing economy otherwise an unexpected of potential economic slowdown would occur and certainly bring some negative effects to the hotel industries in the country (Yu and Gu, 2005). 1.3 Social Environment Social environment concern is an important issue for the business developer and investor in China as Chinese used to practice the relationship and network of Guan Xi in their daily life which including during the business dealing process. In fact, Guan xi can be an influential practice compare with the Western-based business practice which westerners or foreign investors are not eligible to gain interest on this practice as such practice would be commonly focus on the motive of profit. Thus, foreign companies need to corporate with the local Chinese companies as partner in order to enjoy the privilege with the support of Chinese partner to avoid some existing and future legal control and international trade rules. For instance, the foreign owner of the properties must depend on the local labor and partner in turn to get the reliable power supply and water supply (Zhang, Pine and Lam, 2005). On the other hand, hotel industries benefit from holiday and vacation when residents take holi days and this would lead to higher demand on the tourism and hotel industry in which the people shifting their lifestyle and get off from work with take effect on the domestic consumption. For example, in China, the government had intentionally increased the public holidays where made 3 weeks long holiday per year such as each during the Spring Festival, May Day Festival and the National Day holiday (Lew, Yu, Ap and Zhang, 2003). 1.4 Technology Environmental Generally, a good quality service to customer is the most important factor that makes the hotel to be more outstanding than others and to get more attraction from customer therefore this would influence the guests to make decision on the selection of which hotel is the most worthy and preferable to consume with the most satisfaction among those entire hotels that available in the area. Besides, with the acknowledgement of gaining better profit margins and financial returns, the hotel industries in China emphasis on the implementation of IT facilities in order to improve with efficiency daily operation and meanwhile to obtain benefits such as operational cost reduction and enhancement of service quality deliver to customer (Law, Giri and Michigan, 2005). In fact, in Hong Kong, China, the use of IT to conduct daily operation is generally practicing by the hotel industries in country since year 1997 (Law and Au, 1998). Besides, in China, the adoption of Computer Reservation System (CRS) and hotel Property Management System (PMS) which utilize by hotel that ranked 3 stars and above was introduced to bring the companies into the market and to improve the interconnectivity by promoting about destination, information about their company and additionally assist on the efficiency and accuracy of internal information transmission and effectiveness of management. Meanwhile, the use of Information Communication Technology (ICT) within the hotel industries in China which focused on the front office functions such as reception, reservation, catering, marketing, customer relationship management and others had brought benefit to the operation of the industry (Ma, Buhalis and Song, 2003). 2.0 The International Consideration 2.1 Operation Shangri-La Hotel and Resort operated almost in all over the place in the world where headquarter is in Hong Kong. Shangri-La Hotel and Resort is a well known brand which the brand name is so recognizable and respected by the people around the world. Besides, the groups main activities are emphasis on the ownership, operation and management of the hotels. At present, the group holds and operates 68 hotels under the trademark of Shangri-La, Trader brands, Rasa, Summer Palace, and Shang Palace in different countries with a room inventory of over 30, 000 in which operation carry out among Asia in current year which included of China, Japan, Malaysia, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Thailand, Taiwan, Republic of Maldives, Philippines and Myanmar. Furthermore, the company had expanded their company to Middle East countries such as Sultanate of Oman and United Arab Emirates; Europe country in France; North America country in Canada; Oceana countries in Austria and Fuji Island. In addition, in year ended 2009 the company had equity interests in 49 operating hotels containing 24,432 of guest rooms (Golden Circle, 2010) Moreover, the company will develop and build up 29 more hotels in various countries in which project development of 1 hotel in Paris in 2010, 11 hotels will be establish in China, India, Singapore, Macau, Qatar, Austria in 2011, 9 hotels in China, India, Mongolia, United Kingdom, Turkey and Canada in 2012 and nevertheless 7 hotels in China and Russia in 2013 and 1 hotel in Philippine in 2014 (Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts, 2010) 2.2 The PEST in Malaysia 2.2.1 Social and Culture Environmental Commonly, Malaysia is known as an Islamic country therefore certainly Malaysia is involving in the Halal food industry and Malaysia is the major exporter of halal product to Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) countries such as AEAN and Middle Eastern markets in 2008. Malaysia has made an integrated long term plan to develop the halal industry which including the goods and services related sectors namely, meat and meat-based product, processed food, cosmetic and personal care products and pharmaceutical products (Sadek, 2010). Thus, the halal certification would be the main requirement for the tertiary industries in Malaysia that needed conforming to it especially on the food and beverage which play an important role in overall satisfaction level such as halal dining is a necessity for Muslims. In fact, according to Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM), the statistic shows that out of 991 hotels in Malaysia, there are only 10.19% of the hotels which amount to 101 h otels that certified with Halal logo (Zailani, Fernando and Mohamed, 2010). Besides, to set up businesses in Malaysia require some general needs of its local market segment included religious and cultural practices such as to being halal conscious through implementation of crescent rating which this system is require under the traditional Muslim rules to the examine the halal friendliness of facilities and services in hotel industries in Muslim country (Fazal, 2009) For instance, Awana Spa Island Resort in Langkawi crescent rated at category 5 which indicate that the hotel accommodate some specific Muslim needs and Shangri-Las Rasa Sayang Resort Spa in Penang rated at category 3 (Crescent Rating, 2010). Moreover, regarding the culture in Malaysia, the main facilities of prayer room or Surau is important for Muslims as they required praying 5 times daily due to the ease of travel from current location to mosque. Besides, the culture in the aspect of employee working hour, there are slightly different if compare with oversea working time as for Muslims every Friday afternoon is the weekly prayer time thus Muslim employee need to leave their work place at this time (Usama, 2007). Moreover, festival holiday is a main issue that need to concern in Malaysia as Malaysia has much festival to celebrate such as Hari Raya Aidilfitri, Chinese New Year and others therefore public holiday would interrupt the operation performance of the company where by employee off from work on the particular day. (Zailani, Omoar and Kopong, 2010) 2.2.2 Political and Legal Environment in Malaysia According to the A.M. Best country risk report, Malaysia has a moderate level of political risk which categorized as CRT-3 which indicate that Malaysia is a developing country that having a developing legal environment, legal system and business environment (A.M. Best, 2010). Generally, political risk comprises the stability of the government and society in a country and here the political environment would be first concentrate on the change of government and key leader in Malaysia. Up to date in 2010 political position in Malaysia involves two separate downside risks which happened 2 years back in 2008; the political power was changed due to the general election and the result was the National Front which had ruled Malaysia for 52 years had lose control and defeated by opposition (Marshall, 2009; Stamer, 2010). Then again, according to the executive summary by Political Economic Risk Consultancy, the political issue that foreign investors concern is about the hesitation on how good the opposition parties perform after they gained the political authority as a Malaysia government in handling some problem such as poor policies and others. Additionally, as a result of some political accusation, the case of Anwar on sodomy gave a flashpoint on the political stability condition. Due to the changes in the government authority, the political stability in Malaysia is affected much over these years and would bring further damage to investment in the country if the trend maintains (Marshall, 2009; Political Economic Risk Consultancy, 2010). 2.3 Internationalization Method The internationalization process is a very important process for a company that plan to expand their business outside their domestic base market by adopting several internationalization methods. In Shangri-La, the internationalization method that the group adopting is more on equity based method on foreign direct investment. The Group is using its equity assets in the expansion of their company throughout the world and for another purpose of project development in new countries. Moreover, investment into a company is the competitive advantage of this company. Additionally, the Group is adopting 2 main internalization methods on its subsidiaries which through merger, acquisition and alliances. According to the financial report of Shangri-La in Malaysia, the subsidiaries are consolidated by using the purchase method of accounting in which the Group has the ability to exercise the power in the subsidiaries in order to manage the financial and operating policies of an entity as to attain benefits from their daily activities (Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts, 2010). Alternatively, some subsidiaries are consolidating by adopting merger method for example, UBN holding Sdn Bhd which happened on 1st of January 2006. As for the associate methodology, the Group has major influence but not control over the financial and operating policies. The hotel properties located in Malaysia at 31 December 2009 included Rasa Sayang Resort Spa, Traders Hotel, Golden Sands Resort, Palm Beach Resort in Penang, Shangri-La Hotel in Kuala Lumpur and Rasa Ria Resort in Sabah. (Shangri-La Malaysia, 2008) 2.4 Problem and Solution The problem that the company confronts would be on the aspect of the culture differences between the origin country and the other country for example Malaysia. Cultural differences of international hotel groups would influence the operation of the company and also the efficiency of their human resource in the company. Besides, condition of cultural differences dilemma would also harm the company from gaining better return in either investment nor operating profit which due to the competition among the hotel industries in the specific country. Thus, to overcome these cultural dilemmas, some solution on these problems needed to be implementing in order to resolve the problem to prevent any operation failure. The solution proposed would be through adoption of cross cultural strategies. According to Master and Prideaux, culture can be distinguished into 2 views that represent an ideological perspective including beliefs, norm, value and customs. Next, would represent the material element which including of the dining etiquette, where to buy and where to travel. (Prideaux, Moscardo and Laws, 2006) As mentioned above, the main cultural problems that face in Malaysia is about the Halal certification and also the employee culture problem. Therefore, from the cross cultural management approaches, it must emphasis on the staff inspiration and motivation method and improvement on product and service quality in order to satisfy customers demands. Firstly, company should implement the strategy of cross cultural empathy through training and education that enables the staffs in the group from origin country to let them to be more considerate to accept other people cultures in Malaysia as well as the staffs in the company itself. This would help to solve any conflict rises conc erning to the culture misunderstanding among three major races employees of Malaysian and between the headquarter staffs rather than behave stubbornly on their own local culture perspective. Besides, in order to solve the cultural diversity problem in the case of halal certification, the company needs to employ the strategy of cross cultural through special design and marketing of hotel products and services. There are a lot of customers come from different religions and backgrounds, thus customers have different needs on the services and products. By using this strategy, the company is able to improve the degree of customers satisfaction whereby the products and services is specially designed for the purpose of tailor-made to adapt to different need of the customers. For instance, Muslims in Malaysia require some halal facilities and also on the foodstuff, as a result the hotel must pay close attention on serving the proper food at the table and also the facilities of prayer room in their hotel to allow Muslim to conduct prayer during the time that they are in the hotel area. 3.0 The Growth of Business Shangri-la has a well operational performance which its operations contribute the main source of revenue and operating profit for the Group. Besides, the concentration of the growth in the luxury hotel market in Asia would particularly focus on China. Thus, the group is continued to plan out the strategies of setting up new hotel across the world. According to the financial report in 2009, a total of 7 hotels opened for business during the year and 4 hotel being subsidiaries of the group. During these years, Shangri la is adopting the market development strategies which the group is targeting new markets or new areas in different countries. For example, in 2011, the group will conduct foreign direct investment of 29 hotels in other countries such Qatar, Austria and others. Besides, the implementation of product development strategy in the group develops their services and quality to gain higher level satisfaction from customers through training of employees to deliver better services to customer. For instance, the networking of the Shangri-la throughout the international subsidiaries had improved through communication and result in the integration with its international counterparts by applying uniform standards for inbound and outbound logistics and this give rise to higher level of efficiency in the operation, sales and marketing. Consequently, Shangri-La had gained positive reviews and reputation from regulatory bodies and this benefit the company to connect into all revenue-generating marketing channels (Shangri-La Asia Limited, 2009; Chitika 2009). As for the future direction of growth, according to Ansoffs Product-Market Matrix, the product development strategy should highlight in the company. The reason is that it is important to have possession of distinctive advantage over its competitor by reason of keen competition existed among the local and other international hotel industries in the market. Besides, hotel industry is leisure and tourism destination places, customers are the main earnings sources from the hotel operations, it seem to be not enough to have similar existing facilities promoted in the hotel to attract customers. Thus, an innovation technique is required to improve the product and services in the hotel in order to maintain an advantage over competitors meanwhile to attract more customers. By examining through proactive development strategy to develop the product base on the anticipation of the evolution of customers needs; or through the adaption of reactive development strategy whereby the product is devel op in order to deal with the customer needs. Besides, as a result of adapting product development matrix, the company is able to develop and launch new product or services where the products or services are presently not being offered by any other competitors however it able to keep the existing market and nevertheless attract more new customers. For instance, product development strategy including offering high-level service to the customers through providing some specialty facilities such as promotion on the discount offer to their customer base on an alliance with the air companies and provide free shuttle for the customer to take them from airport to the hotel. Thus, Shangri-La hotel must provide services that other competitors do not offer and the most importantly, making the customer feel at home and even better than that. 4.0 New Venture The new venture of Shangri-la hotel would using the foreign direct investment method which the company will expand and build up hotel under equity base method in the chosen country, Kingdom of Heaven, Bhutan. While Shangri-La investing in Bhutan, the group will suggested to conduct joint venture with the local partner such as the tourism agencies to increase the inflow of the tourist to the hotel and other share value-added joint venture, for instance, merge with the local hotel industry where the hotel contribute the same function and this will reduce the competition among the similar industry and nevertheless increase economies of scale. As Shangri-La is moving into the new market and segment, it is necessary to understand what strength determines the profit of their industry. Thus, Porters Five Forces analysis would be taken to identify all the threat in hotel industries in Bhutan. Firstly, the threat of supplier power in the market will take into concern. The supplier power in ho tel industry would be the availability of skill of the employees that provide services to customers due to tertiary industry is totally focused in services. Thus, Shangri-La need to provide a high level of training program to ensure the employees are able to carry out best service to their customers. This is because employees can influence the profitability and the attractiveness of the hotel itself. Besides, supplier power can be the organization that control and provide the food and beverage to the hotel industry in the country. In this case, there are plenty of suppliers in Bhutan which mainly working on supplying of the food for local distribution whereby they import all the food stuff items, such as the company of Dollay Food Product, Sharyang Enterprise, Sonam Choki Enterprise and many others suppliers (Cheaponsale, 2010). So supplier power force is considered weak to the company. Secondly, would be the buyer power. This force reflects the strength of bargaining power from the customers which concerning the level of quality served and price rate of the hotel. Commonly, from the behavior of the customers, customers seek for best quality with lesser price of hotel, solution for this problem would be the hotel management should make some adjustment to its strategies in order to meet the demand of the customers to avoid switching among the hotels in the market, if the switching problem happen then the buyer power is high which will bring disadvantage to the company. Thirdly, competitive rivalry is also a serious force that the company has to concern on it. This force would focus on the number of the competitors in the same industry in Bhutan. In Bhutan, there are hotels that available in the specific geographic areas. For instance, According to The Hotel Association of Bhutan (HAB), Bhutan is divided in 20 administrative districts and there are 121 hotels in the country and exactly with 34 hotels with 3 stars and above are available in the certain districts in Bumthang, Trongsa, Punakha, Thimphu, Wangdue Phodrang and Paro; the rest are ranked as 2 stars and below (Tourism Council of Bhutan, 2010; Cabinet Secretariat, 2010). Thus, competitive rivalry in hotel industry is quite high due to the number of competitors offering in the market and the company should adapt specific strategy to overcome the problem such as create differentiation on the product and services in order to differentiate themselves from the competitors. Due to the problem faced by the competitive rivalry, the threat of substitution which examine on the similar product and services is high in the hotel industry because there are a 121 hotels accessible in the Bhutan and enable the customers to have alternative choices on what hotel that they prefer to select. Thus, better marketing strategy is needed for the company to deal with the substitution problem such as changes in technology and services in the hotel could bring some advantage like good reputation for the hotel to compete with its rivals. Lastly, threat of new entry is high in the hotel industry in Bhutan as Hotel Association of Bhutan (HAB) reported that there 46 new hotels will open up in the country. However, the Bhutan government had approved 100 percent of foreign direct investment to build 5-star hotels and 70percent of foreign direct investment for 4-stars hotels in Bhutan in early 2010 (Dawa, 2010; Dahal, 2009). In this case, Shangri-La has the total advantage of investing and setting up hotel in Bhutan as Shangri-La is ranked as 5-star hotel. Besides, the structural expansion of the hotel in Bhutan would be difficult because most hotels was in debt due to the financial institution had stopped giving loan for hotel construction. This is because of governments policy on the existing hotels that they are required to upgrade their hotels within 2 years time in order to provide better service to customers with the help of government by providing incentives of tax breaks for up to 10 years to make the upgrading pos sible (Cabinet Secretariat, 2010; Dawa, 2010). Hence, with good reputation and its 5-Stars ranked hotel, Shangri-La has gained the advantage to compete with the hotels in Bhutan. Thus, Shangri-La needs to come out with some new plan to sustain its market position. 5.0 Conclusion In summary, various analyses needed to be considered and examined in the progress of business expansion to the international market. Going international not only mean to explore the new market abroad but it also enable the company to have better understanding on the expansion strategies that needed to adopt in turn to deal with the dilemma that occurred in the international market. Besides, international business can promote faster growth in the country economy due to the entry of foreign direct investment in the country which stimulate the domestic competition in the market and in effect would encourage improvement in the service and product of the company, besides it would help the employment rate of the country as well. Moreover, in order to go for international business, the particular companies need to ensure that the correct strategies are adopted. With the assist of PEST in the expansion of macro environment in a market, the company, and here would be Shangri-La can easily gai n the information of the specific market and taking the next step to invest into the market. Besides, by examining the international consideration, it gives clearer picture on what the company doing in the existing market and how the company give solution against the problem that they faced and yet understand how they enter an international market such as foreign direct investment which adopted by Shangri-La hotel into various countries. Other than that, by using the Ansoffs product-market matrix, it enables the company to make good use of the strategies in order to have a better strategic planning in the expansion of the businesses such as to study on the direction of growth of Shangri-La Company. Lastly, with the analysis of Porters Five Forces, it helps the company to understand the strength and the threat of the market when the foreign company planning to invest into the country. By having all these strategies, the company can have the advantage to globalize and to compete again st the competitors that existed in the market in order to offer better products and services nevertheless gain more profit and attract more customers. In conclusion, all these strategies would benefit and success the companies in doing international business.

Internship with MCB Bank Limited

Internship with MCB Bank Limited Executive Summary MCB was built-in in 1997 and was later on privatized by the Government of Pakistan. The Nishat Group bought the major shares of the bank and got the rights to control the banks operations. After the privatization of the bank, MCB has executed different policies to make it one of the best banks of Pakistan; they introduce new products and services and increase its operations by opening new branches in Pakistan. Internship training is necessary for the degree of MBA as per HEC requirement. It is necessary for me to complete an internship session of about 6 to 8 weeks in any organization. I have chosen the banking sector because its my priority to get the job in banking sector and its also relevant to my area of interest and specialization. I did my eight weeks internship at MCB Morgah branch, Rawalpindi. My work at MCB was truly an interesting experience. The branch I have chosen for internship is not a very big branch it has only four departments which includes customer service department, clearing department, remittance department and cash department.I have work in all the departments but major work in done in first three departments as internee is not allowed to work freely in cash department as per the rule of the bank. This report gives an insight of the departments in which I work.In MCB different types of accounts are opened according to the needs of customers. During my internship project for MCB I experienced many new things that I had never experienced before being a student, this document provided details of my achievements in term of practical implementation and understanding of working environment in MCB. I have also learnt the work of the photocopier as I am assisting the officers so its in my duties to d o the photocopy as requested. I would like to highlight this that my experience with MCB was very memorable and full of learning, where I found a lot of information.MCB is amongst the pioneer in introducing the new technology-based banking services. The human resource department of MCB is playing an important role in its growth. INTRODUCTION 1.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MCB MCB is among the leading banks of Pakistan who has deposit base of Rs. 400 Billion and total assets over Rs.600 Billion. Built-in 1947, MCB soon earned the name of a solid and conservative financial institution controlled by the expatriate executives. In 1974, MCB was nationalized.The Bank has a customer base of approximately 4 million, a nationwide distribution network of over 1,150 branches and over 600 ATMs in the market. MCB Bank Limited which was previously known as Muslim Commercial Bank Limited is not an overnight success story. It was integrated by the Adamjee Group on July 11, 1947 under the Indian Companies Act, VII of 1913 as a private limited company. The bank was established with a view to provide banking facilities to the business people of the South Asia. After the partition of the Indo-Pak subcontinent, the bank moved to Dhaka from where it commenced business in August 1948. In 1956, the bank shifted its registered office to Karachi. Thus, the bank inherits a 60 years legacy of belief of its customers. MCB was the first bank which is privatized in 1991 the bank was purchased by Nishat Group. Nishat Group is one of the leading business groups in Pakistan.http://www.bankalfalah.com/images/man7.jpg Mian Mohammad Mansha is the Chairman of the group he has played active role in success of MCB. In acknowledgment of Mr. Manshas contribution, the Government of Pakistan has awared him with Sitara-e-Imtiaz, which is one of the most prestigious civil awards of the country. 1.2 OBJECTIVES OF MCB C:Documents and SettingsAdministratorMy DocumentsMy PicturesMission_Insert_globe.jpg 1.2.1 VISION STATEMENT To be the leading financial services provider, partnering with our customers for a more prosperous and secure future 1.2.2 MISSION STATEMENT We are a team of committed professionals, providing innovative and efficient financial solutions to create and nurture long-term relationships with our customers. In doing so, we ensure that our shareholders can invest with confidence in us. 1.2.3 CORE VALUES OF MCB The core values of MCB are as fallows 1.3 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE For successful handling of the branches, MCB has been categorized into three segments with different people handling each category. These categories are: Corporate Banking Commercial Banking Consumer Banking 1.3.1 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF MCB SEGMENT WISE MANAGEMENT OF MCB MIAN MOHAMMAD MANSHA CHAIRMAN S.M. MUNEER V CHAIRMAN MOHAMMAD AFTAB MANZOOR C EXECUTIVE TARIQ RAFI DIRECTOR SHEIKH MUKHTAR AHMED DIRECTOR MOHAMMAD ARSHAD DIRECTOR SHAHZAD SALEEM DIRECTOR RAZA MANSHA DIRECTOR SARMAD AMIN DIRECTOR MIAN UMER MANSHA DIRECTOR OVERSEAS BRANCHES MCB has seven overseas branches furthermore, the bank has some proposals under consideration to open more branches in some European countries and as well as in Japan china TOTAL NO OF BRANCHES 7 COLOMBO 1 MARDANA 1 PETTAH 1 OBU BAHRAIN 1 WELLAWATTE 1 EPZ 1 KANDY 1 1.4 PRODUCTS AND SERVICES OF MCB PHONE BANKING MCB SMART CARD MOBILE BANKING MCB TRAVELLER CHEQUES SMS BANKING MCB MONEYGRAM CORPORATE FINANCING MCB INVESTMENT BANKING MCB FULL DAY BANKING MCB TRANSACTION BANKING MCB LOCKERS MCB SAVING 365 ACCOUNT MCB REMIT EXPRESS MCB SAVING XTRA ACCOUNT MCB ISLAMIC BANKING MCB CURRENT ACCOUNT MCB INTERNET BANKING MCB BUSINESS ACCOUNT MCB EASY BILL PAY MCB FOREIGN CURRENCY ACCOUNT MCB CAR 4 U MCB WORKING CAPITAL MCB ATM MCB DIMINISHING MUSHARIKA(NEW) MCB VISA PLATIUM MCB GURANTEE(NEW) MCB PRIVILIGE BANKING MCB ISTISNA POST SHIPMET(NEW) MCB BANCASSURANCE MCB DREAM WEDDING MCB RETIRE EASY MCB PROTECTION PLAN MCB LIFE PARTNER MCB DYNAMIC CASH FUND MCB KHUSHALI BACHAT ACCOUNT MCB BASIC BANKING ACCOUNT MCB PRIVATE LIMITED ACCOUNT MCB PUBLIC LIMITED ACCOUNT 2. LEARNING AND EXPERIENCE 2.1 INETERNSHIP SELECTION AND RATIONALE FOR SELECTION Internship training program during Master in Business administration Program is necessary for the degree of MBA as per HEC requirement. It is compulsory for me to do internship of about 6 to 8 weeks in any organization. I have chosen the banking sector because I want to gain the practical knowledge about the finance and its in my priority to get the job in bank and its also relevant to my area of interest and specialization. I choose MCB because of its prestigious name and reputation. Another solid reason of choosing MCB is that my Uncle is also working in MCB, so I have a reference too. 2.2 INFORMATION ABOUT MY BRANCH I did my internship in MCB Morgah, Rawalpindi whose branch code is (1389).This branch is previously known as Al-Shifa Branch because this branch is previously in Al-Shifa Eye Hospital recently it was shifted out of the hospital to main Morgah Chowk. This branch is not a very big branch having only four main departments. This is ONLINE branch but have no ATM is installed on it. Its main account holders include Pakistan Oil Field, Fauji Foundation University it has both students fees bill account and faculty accounts. 2.2.1 MANAGEMENT OF MY BRANCH Mr. ABDUL GHAFOOR BRANCH MANAGER Mr. BASEER NASIR OPERATIONAL MANAGER Mr. HAMMAD CLEARING OFFICER Mr. MOHSIN CASH OFFICER Mr. MANSOOR-UL-HASSAN MARKETING OFFICER Miss BEENISH G/L OFFICER Mr. ARSHAD SECURITY GUARD 2.2.2 DEPARTMENTS IN WHICH I WORK I did internship in the MCB online branch for the period of 2 months. During the internship, I have worked at different departments, which are as follows, Customer Service Department Clearing Department Remittance Department Cash Department. 2.2.3 MY JOB DISCRIPTION My job is to assists the staff members of the branch at different positions. I have not given any separate job and no separate task has been assigned to me. I helped the staff in the routine matters like filling of different forms, cheque filling, photocopying, opening of an account, stamping on vouchers etc Bank is a very difficult type of organization and a very sensitive place to work; confidentiality and trust is essential. That is the reasons due to which many areas are still reach less for internees like cash operations, computer operations and issues like that. 2.3 DETAILS OF TRAINING DEPARTMENT WISE 2.3.1 CUSTOMER SERVICE DEPARTMENT In this department I was under the supervision of Mr. Mohsin, who is Customer Relational Officer. In this department Mr. Mohsin has taught me how to deal with the customers, how to fill the account opening forms, KYC forms and to check the balance from the SYMBOL software though I am not allowed checking the balance because of secrecy problems. LEARNING TASKS PERFORMED IN CUSTOMER SERVICE DEPARTMENT: The major task performed by me in this department is that I have opened the accounts of faculty members of FAUJI FOUNDATION UNIVERSITY by personally visiting the university. I have learnt about the opening of an account, the documents required for the opening of the account i.e Personal ID card, Next of kin ID card, valid mailing address, Salary slip in case of salaried person, NTN in case of business account etc I have come to know about the nature of different accounts and come to know that which account is suitable for which type of the customer like BBA account for salaried persons. How to communicate with the customers and tell the customer about his/her quires and tell the customer about the new products and services offered by the bank. I have learnt how to check the balance from the SYMBOL software though I am not allowed to check the balance in the absence of CRO. How to write a cheque, fill the deposit slip for the cheque and to fill the form for the ONLINE transfer of fund. How to tell the balance on the telephone after proper verification. How to reactivate the Dormant Account. I have learnt about the procedure for the issuance of ATM card. How to maintain the ATM cards in proper order. 2.3.2 CLEARING DEPARTMENT In clearing department I worked under the supervision of Mr. Hammad and learned a lot from him I have learnt about the inward and outward clearing. 2.3.2.1. MEANING OF CLEARING In clearing the banks exchange cheques and other negotiable instruments drawn on each other within a specific area and in this manner safe payment for their customers through the Clearing House at precise time in an well-organized way. 2.3.2.2 PARTIES INVOLVED IN CLEARING There are basically two parties involved in clearing. 1. NIFT: NIFT stands for National Institutional Facilitation Technologies. It is the facility given by the SBP to a private organization named NIFT. The duties of the NIFT includes, to collect the cheques, demand drafts, Pay orders and Travelers Cheques, etc. from all the branches of different banks within city through its carriers and send them to the branches for clearing. 2. CLEARING HOUSE: It is a place where cheques are presented, collected from the bank branch. It is one of the services provided by NIFT to other commercial banks. NIFT acts as a clearinghouse. 2.3.2.3. TYPES OF CLEARING: There are basically two types of clearing. OUTWARD CLEARING: In outward clearing when cheque is received two copies of voucher are prepared, one c opy and instruments along with clearing stamp, realization stamp, add list and two vouchers of clearing abstract are sent to NIFT INWARD CLEARING: In Inward clearing instruments received from NIFT are posted in Computers after checking. 2.3.2.4. INSTRUMENTS USED FOR CLEARING Following are the Instruments used in clearing department. Transfer, Transfer Delivery, Clearing, Cheque collection Pay in slip. 2.3.2.5. DIFFERENT REASONS OF CHEQUES DISHONOUR FROM CLEARING In inward clearing sometimes cheques are not passed due to some reasons then cheques are sent back to NIFT along with cheque return memo. Some of these reasons are Cheque is returned because some time it is incomplete Cheque is returned if the clearing stamp is required. One another main reason of cheques return is incompleteness or difference in Drawers sign from specimen One reason of returning of cheque is that drawer stop the payment. Cheques are also returned because of insufficient funds etc. LEARNING IN CLEARING DEPARTMENT: My learning in clearing department was of following things: I have learnt about the clearing procedure, types of clearing inward outward clearing. I have learnt how to check the cheques. I have learnt the different reasons of returning of cheques from NIFT. I have learnt how to prepare the sheets for clearing. I have learnt how to maintain clearing register. I have also learnt about the instruments used in clearing. I have come to know that the cheques are cleared on the next day. Once the NIFT department collect the instruments, any instruments received after that will be cleared after two days. 2.3.3 REMITTANCE DEPARTMENT Bank Alfalah Remittance 2.3.3.1 MEANING OF REMITTANCE: Remittance is the transfer of resources from one place to another or from one person to another. It is an important facility provided by the banks to its customers as well as to its non-customers. Since it is not a free service it is a source of income for the bank. In Morgah branch the head of Remittance Department is Mr Hammad. 2.3.3.2 PARTIES INVOLVED IN REMITTANCE The following four parties are involved in remittance are Remitter Remittee Issuing bank Paying bank 2.3.3.3. TYPES OF REMITTANCE: Remittance is classified into following four types INWARD REMITTANCE: The instruments received for payment OUTWARD REMITTANCE: Instruments issues to the responding branches. INLAND REMITTANCE: Those instruments which are issue within the country. FOREIGN REMITTENCE: Instruments issue from one country to another country. 2.3.3.4. INSTRUMENTS USED IN REMITTANCE: Demand Draft (DD) Telegraphic Transfer (TT) Pay Order (PO) Call Deposit Receipt (CDR) Rupees Traveler Cheque (RTC) MY LEARNING IN REMITTANCE DEPARTMENT: I have learned the following tasks in this department, My learning includes how to fill the forms of TT, DD, MT etc. I have worked during the Holy month of Ramzan. Zakat is deducted in this month so the bank gives the facility of CDR to its loyal customers who dont want to give zakat. I have also learnt how to make (CDR). I have learnt about the different instruments used in remittance. I have come to know about the different types of remittance. 2.3.4 CASH DEPARTMENT C:Documents and SettingsAdministratorMy Documentsdollar-pakistan.jpg The cash department is the most important and confidential department of the bank. In cash department both cash deposits and withdrawals go side by side. In this department I havent perform any task but I have learnt different thing about this department. This department is involved in two activities Cash Deposits and Cash payments. The officers in this department are called tellers and there are two tellers in Morgah branch Mr. Ahsan and Mr. Sabir. The Books maintained in the cash department are as fallow Cash Receipt Book Cash Payment Book Cash Balance Book MY LEARNING IN CASH DEPARTMENT I have not performed any task in this department but my learning in cash department includes In this department I come to know about the Strong Room. Strong room is the room where cash is deposited and stored. The keys of this room are kept by Manager, Operational Manager and the cashier. MCB has three categories of cash which are Sorted Cash, Soiled Cash and Unsorted Cash. Sorted cash is issued to the customer, soiled cash is basically destroyed cash which is not issue to customer but sent to state bank for reissuance. Every Bank has a cash limit which it can store after banking hours like in Morgah branch cash limit is 5 Millions. This amount of cash is insured by the state bank. I have learnt to fill the deposit slip and how to write a cheque for cash withdrawal. The cheque books are kept in the strong room. Internees are not allowed to go in this room. SWOT ANALYSIS OF MCB C:UsersusmanDesktopswot_img2.gif 2.3.1 INTERNAL ANALYSIS OF MCB Internal analysis of the MCB is the analysis of its strengths and weaknesses. MCB can enjoy Competitor advantage on other by increasing its strength and by making strategies to minimize its weakness; Following are the main strengths and weaknesses of MCB. STRENGTHS OF MCB: Strength can be defined as an area where a company is best at doing something as its competitors do. MCB enjoys the following strengths MCB was the first privatized bank because of which it has competitive advantage over other nationalized banks as it is free to make any market oriented strategy without political and government pressure. MCB is that it is the oldest private bank that has more than 1100 branches with online branches approx 650. It is the third largest bank in Pakistan. MCB is a well traditional bank who has a long record of over 60 years of experience and profitable operation. In MCB the default rate of the customers are very low than other banks like (The bank of Punjab) etc. MCB was the first bank who introduced e-banking and its Traveler cheques have been market leader for the past seven years MCB has cope with the challenges of latest technology by introducing the products like Virtual banking, Mobile banking etc. MCB has been updated with the market. MCB have diversification of products and services for every type of customers like Privilege account, Debit card, Visa card, Car financing ,Agriculture financing etc MCB invest large about of money on training and development of employees so as to make them talented enough to cope up with the upcoming challenges. MCB has the competitive advantage on the other banks because of its reputation as Award Winning Bank. MCB win the award of Best Domestic Bank in 2000 and 2001 by euro money. MCB now make a contract with Cirrus who is a subsidiary of MasterCard. This contract with Cirrus will enable the ATM card holder to use his account even when he is out of the country. MCB have faster banking services that are making it more prominent in the banking industry especially in Operations and Foreign exchange. The customer prefers this bank not only because of its faster speedy service rather due to reasonable service charges. MCB not only provides high quality services but it also look for the comfort and ease of the clients, MCB always preferred their customers. WEAKNESS OF MCB: Weakness is defined as an area in a company where the company is not as good at doing something as its competitors do. MCB has the following weaknesses In MCB most of the employees lack administrative training as they are not properly educated. Due to seniority, they have moved up to the Grade-I, II or III positions having hardly masters degrees. Most of the senior staffs are computer shy and unable to operate the computers because of which they cannot apply the modern and innovative techniques of management in decision making. The advertisement campaign of MCB is very weak or you can say you hardly see any advertisement. They have to focus on this aspect as electronic media make great impact on the customers mind as the latest marketing campaign of HBL in which they have used a very famous character of Mr Bean. MCB should advertise about their products so that customer gets aware about their products. As recently MCB become Centralized which have positives as well as negative aspects as now for account opening form is sent to Head Office Karachi because of which customers have to wait a lot and the account opening procedure become so much tougher that customers prefer to open their accounts to other banks whose account opening procedure is easier. Another weakness of MCB is the Favouritism and Nepotism in recruitment or you can say it is the weakness of almost every organization in Pakistan but for betterment of MCB they have to recruit the employees on the basis of merit. The overseas branch network of MCB is limited. It has only seven overseas branches whereas HBL has twenty overseas branches and NBP has fifteen overseas branches so MCB has to open more branches so as to compete with its competitors. The employees in MCB are not satisfied with the reward system. Rewards should be given after the performance appraisal. Employees of MCB at branch level are not rightly motivated to do their work with full concentration they take the all routine activities as a boring job. The ATM network of MCB is largest ATM network in Pakistan but still there are certain areas that dont have the ATM. Most of the branches of MCB are computerized but still there are some important branches that dont have computers. The software used by MCB for online purpose is SYMBOL which is excellent but sometime because of link down or disconnection many customers face problems. Another main issue which the employees of MCB face is regarding the work timing. On record the work time is from 9 to 5 but officially they usually go home after 7 or even after 8 because of which their productivity decreases. There is no separate time for launch because of which the employees health and efficiency decreases. 2.3.2 EXTERNAL ANALYSIS OF MCB MCB has to monitor its environment constantly to cope up with new developments and changes in the environment. A change in the external environment may be either an opportunity or threat. In either case the MCB has to properly use it strengths to avail the opportunities and avoid or minimize the off-putting effects of threats. Following are the main opportunities and threats of MCB. OPPURTUNITES OF MCB: In MCB context following are the opportunities MCB have MCB can boost its Rupee Travellers Cheques (RTCs) sales by searching for new market segments. MCB can launch new debit card system or can convert the existing ATM cards into a complete debit card. Leasing sector in Pakistan is growing rapidly for the last three to four year which gives the bank an opportunity to go ahead in this area. MCB can go for the new products launch by different banks like HBL ATM bill payment, UBL Omni Dukan, UBL Business Partner, UBL Selah Mila etc MCB can open new overseas branches to expand its branches and operations to compete with its competitors. MCB can finance to small industries and handicrafts industries and can launch more effective and new well managed online banking system. MCB can also increase Islamic banking to boost the business of the bank. MCB can also go for the student finance service and it can also introduce mobile ATM. THREATS OF MCB: Threat can define as a change in external environment which if not met with proper strategies will result in loss of revenues. In the context of MCBs external environment the following potential threats exist MCB greatest threat is from other private commercial banks with sound success e.g. UBL, Alfalah, and HBL etc. The threat which every organization including MCB in Pakistan is facing is of the political and economic instability. Changes in the government policies have badly affected the banking business as the banks have to wait to get permission of state bank. The war against terrorism has negatively affect Pakistans economy, which may affect MCB. Another threat for MCB is from the prosperous foreign banks. MCB have to upgrade its system and should launch new and innovative products so compete with its foreign competitors. Pakistan is an Islamic state where mostly people are Muslims and are abide by the religious laws which dont allow them to use some features of banks like Interest on deposits so they dont prefer banking culture. The new product like UBL Selah Mila is a great threat to MCB as they are giving discounted mark ups to those customers who have good credit history and trying to get the customers of MCB. The decrease in the purchasing power of the customers in the current economic situation affects the banking sector too much and the result is the low investment from the investors in new projects. RECOMMENDATIONS Recommendations are basically pinning out the weaker areas of the organization and develop strategies to overcome these weaker areas by giving suggestions. After working as an internee in MCB for the period of two months I am able to make the following recommendations for the bank. The most important area where MCB has to improve is its advertisement. MCB should give proper advertisement of its products extensively to create awareness about the products and to capture the large market share. MCB should decorate the branches as the most of the modern banks attract customers with their modern office looks and fresh environment. MCB should recruit the applicants on the basis of merit and skills. The HR department of MCB should not recruit the applicants on the basis of Favoritism and Nepotism. HR department of MCB should give proper training to its employees so that they can cope up with the future challenges and they should arrange different workshops for the employees on better communication of staff with customers. In MCB training should be provided with job rotation so as to make the employees talented enough to do others work in case of emergency. MCB should introduce the new, better and transparent reward system because it is very important requirement in order to reduce the problems regarding employee retention and employee motivation. MCB should announce the proper time for Launch Break, so that the employees do their work more efficiently. The staff should be given some sort of decision making authority that enables the employees involvement and boosts employees trust and confidence. MCB should also introduce new and innovative products so as to compete with its competitors. ATM machine must be maintained accurately to make it more convenient for the customers and to decrease the work load of the employees especially in the salary days. MCB should solve the problems regarding the link down and disconnection of SYMBOL software in order to provides more convenience to customers. The employees of MCB need more computer training. CONCLUSIONS MCB is using the SYMBOL software which is very efficient. The computerized branches have enhanced the performance of the bank. The bank provides a favorable environment for career growth. The bank gives too low rate of interest on deposits because of which customers are shifting to other banks. Recently MCB bank has implemented the centralized system which decreases the efficiency because of delay in work and low employee involvement. The procedure for the accounts opening is too lengthy as now forms are sent to Karachi Head office for approval. The large branch network, ATM installation and diversified products provide the bank a competitive advantage. The main focus of the bank is their customers and they are providing the customers different diversified products with minimum service charges. Finally I concluded that MCB is the very good organization for the long carrier working. The branch officers are very efficient, skillful, loyal and competent. The officers of my branch are very hard working usually they work more than their working hours which show their loyalty and commitment towards MCB. I found myself very lucky to work with one of the prestigious bank and to get the practical knowledge about MCB and its present scenario. It was a very challenging and informative experience. I came to know about the working of the banking sector and whatever I have learned was very enlightening. I come to know many things like opening of an account, closing of an account, how to active the dormant account, about the clearance and remittance procedure etc. I came to know the actual working of bank and whatever I studied in the university was a great help and I was able to apply my theoretical knowledge by implementing it during the internship.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal Essay -- Franklin D. Roosev

In 1929, The Great Depression seized America. The country wallowed for four years in desperation, until a new leader was elected. Franklin Delano Roosevelt came to the presidency in 1933 focused and with a plan like never before. His so called â€Å"New Deal† was the innovation of policy at the time, and the public responded in turn. The country seemed to be on the steady process to recovery. The twelve years of desperation from 1929 to 1941 changed the face of America today. While kissing away college scholarships and hours at my government-sponsored after-school job, I had a revelation like a concertgoer at the ’69 Woodstock (minus the LSD): these two defining periods of American history were simultaneously changing my life despite the eighty years difference in that moment. As we continue on our own path to what we hope will repair the shards of our shattered American capitalism, I wondered if my faith in President Obama’s plan was justified. The similarities between the 2009 recovery and the New Deal were immense, and I sought my answer throu gh analyzing Franklin D. Roosevelt’s response to an even greater economic plight. Economists still debate the true success of the New Deal and the resounding impact it had on the country. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal policies eventually succeeded in rebuilding the American economy to functionality and its legacy is still proving effective in today’s modern economic dilemmas. In the 1920’s the United States was on the road to recovery. Having survived World War I and now an established international powerhouse, the U.S. economy was becoming a lion in world economics. The American stock market had risen to new heights, and had become a central force in the American economy. However, like a child with sugar and climbing a tree, this proved to be more of a demon than a blessing. An article published in the New York Times on March 24, 1929 described the credit frenzy of the decade: †¦the number of brokerage accounts had doubled in the past two years [1927-1929]. . . . It is quite true that the people who know the least about the stock market have made the most money out of it in the last few months. Fools who rushed in where wise men feared to tread ran up high gains. (Norris) This article was the doomsday prophecy that soon came true. The stock market suffered through scrapes and scratches in the months th... ...ss, n.d. Web. 9 Dec. 2009. . Grant, James. â€Å"From Bear to Bull.† Wall Street Journal – Eastern Edition 19 Sept. 2009: W1+. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 9 Nov. 2009 Lohr, Steve â€Å"Echoes of 1933?.† New York Times Upfront 141.11 (2009): 8. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO. Web. 9 Nov. 2009 Nicholas, Phil, Jr. "THE AGENCY THAT KEPT GOING: THE LATE NEW DEAL SEC AND SHAREHOLDER DEMOCRACY." Journal of Policy History 16.3 (2004): 212-238. America: History & Life. EBSCO. Web. 17 Nov. 2009. Norris, Floyd. "Looking Back at The Crash of 1929." The New York Times 15 Oct. 1999, web edition ed. Web. 17 Nov. 2009. . Olson, James Stuart. Saving Capitalism: The Reconstruction Finance Corporation and the New Deal, 1933-1940. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1988. Shlaes, Amity "Deal or No Deal? (Cover story)." Time 173.26 (2009): 38-42. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 17 Nov. 2009. Zagorin, Adam, and Michael Weisskopf. "Inside the Breakdown At the SEC." Time 173.9 (2009): 34. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO. Web. 28 Apr. 2010.

Pacific Canadian Railroad :: essays research papers fc

Canadian Pacific Railway Development   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This article was about the Canadian Pacific Railway. For over 100 years, the railway has practiced a tonnage based shipping model. Trains were to wait in their yards until there were enough shipments to justify a train journey from one point to another. The result of this method was that very few trains traveled, and that the trains that did travel were never on a regular schedule. This resulted in much inefficiency for the company. Some of the issues were trains were sitting in yards with half full loads for days, yard workers having inconsistent shifts and sometimes sitting around in case a train might leave that day, and most importantly, customers were uncertain of delivery times for their goods. The â€Å"efficient† movement model resulted in poor customer satisfaction and a rather large set of excess equipment such as train cars, locomotives, and workers. As a result, the profit of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) was very low and the company decide d it was time for a new model.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CPR hired MultiModal Applied Systems to help them formulate a solution. This solution was to have the guiding goals of more consistent train schedules, and higher customer service. The new approach was based on a small stepladder of models, which built off each other to form the final product. The first model was the block approach. A block was a group of cars with the same departure point and destination. The model worked to find how blocks of cars could be easily combined and separated in yards so that the most blocks possible, were moving at all times towards their final destination. Previously, trains had stopped at many or all yards along their long journey. Now, with the blocking model, some yards were bypassed and others were used with varying frequencies to help balance the workload of the yards and to make for more efficient paths for the blocks to travel on. This model had constraints based on the distance a block would travel compared to its shortest po ssible path, the busyness of yards, and the maximum length that a train could be. This model was worked on and reworked on a weekly basis, as new shipments were created, and thus each week a block would travel the most efficient path it could without over extending any other set of blocks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Outside or on top of the block model was the train model. Pacific Canadian Railroad :: essays research papers fc Canadian Pacific Railway Development   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This article was about the Canadian Pacific Railway. For over 100 years, the railway has practiced a tonnage based shipping model. Trains were to wait in their yards until there were enough shipments to justify a train journey from one point to another. The result of this method was that very few trains traveled, and that the trains that did travel were never on a regular schedule. This resulted in much inefficiency for the company. Some of the issues were trains were sitting in yards with half full loads for days, yard workers having inconsistent shifts and sometimes sitting around in case a train might leave that day, and most importantly, customers were uncertain of delivery times for their goods. The â€Å"efficient† movement model resulted in poor customer satisfaction and a rather large set of excess equipment such as train cars, locomotives, and workers. As a result, the profit of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) was very low and the company decide d it was time for a new model.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CPR hired MultiModal Applied Systems to help them formulate a solution. This solution was to have the guiding goals of more consistent train schedules, and higher customer service. The new approach was based on a small stepladder of models, which built off each other to form the final product. The first model was the block approach. A block was a group of cars with the same departure point and destination. The model worked to find how blocks of cars could be easily combined and separated in yards so that the most blocks possible, were moving at all times towards their final destination. Previously, trains had stopped at many or all yards along their long journey. Now, with the blocking model, some yards were bypassed and others were used with varying frequencies to help balance the workload of the yards and to make for more efficient paths for the blocks to travel on. This model had constraints based on the distance a block would travel compared to its shortest po ssible path, the busyness of yards, and the maximum length that a train could be. This model was worked on and reworked on a weekly basis, as new shipments were created, and thus each week a block would travel the most efficient path it could without over extending any other set of blocks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Outside or on top of the block model was the train model.